GENETICS BEFORE & AFTER DNA. Advances in Genetics, Volumes 1-13

New York: Academic Press, 1947-1965. First editions (first and second printings).

SEMINAL PAPERS BY LEADING POSTWAR GENETICISTS IN THE YEARS SURROUNDING THE DISCOVERY OF DNA STRUCTURE.

13 volumes 9 1/4 inchs tall, original green cloth binding, gilt titles to spine, library labels removed from spines, bookplate of Armed Forces Institute of Pathology on front paste-down of some volumes, library handstamp to top edge of some volumes, handstamp of Library of Congress to front free endpapers (canceled), library pocket and handstamps to rear paste-down, text pages clean and unmarked. Overall good+.

PREFACE to Volume 1: As material for their research geneticists use higher and lower plants, higher and lower animals, and recently also viruses and bacteriophages. They study heredity in man. In their experiments they may use biophysical methods, they may investigate the chemical synthesis of organic compounds, they may study the components of living cells. A considerable part of genetic research deals with practical problems related to the breeding of plants and animals. As a consequence of these several aspects of research in genetics, the results of such research are published in a wide variety of journals, and summary reviews are scattered among a considerable number of review periodicals. This series of review articles. Advances in Genetics, has been started in order that critical summaries of outstanding genetic problems, written by competent geneticists, may appear in a single publication. The articles are expected to deal with both theoretical and practical problems, and to cover plant breeding, animal breeding, and human heredity, as well as the related fields of biophysics, biochemistry, physiology, and immunology. The aim is to have the articles written in such form that they will be useful as reference material for geneticists and also as a source of information to nongeneticists. M. Demerec. Cold Spring Harbor, New York.

MILISLAV DEMEREC (1895 –1966) was a Croatian-American geneticist, and the director of the Department of Genetics, Carnegie Institution of Washington, now Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory from 1941 to 1960, recruiting Barbara McClintock and Alfred Hershey. He became a prominent Drosophila researcher and established the Drosophila Information Service newsletter in 1934 with Calvin Bridges. In the 1940s the direction of Demerec's research changed to the genetics of bacteria and their viruses after a symposium given by Max Delbrück. In 1946 he was elected to the National Academy of Sciences, and in 1947 became the founding editor of Advances in Genetics, the first journal to review the finding of modern genetics.

ERNEST BROWN BABCOCK (1877 – 1954) was an United States plant geneticist who pioneered the understanding of plant evolution in terms of genetics. He is particularly known for seeking to understand by field investigations and extensive experiments, the entire polyploid apomictic genus Crepis, in which he recognize 196 species. In his career he published more than 100 articles and books explaining plant genetics, including the seminal textbook (with Roy Elwood Clausen) Genetics in relation to agriculture.

JAY LAURENCE LUSH (1896 – 1982) was a pioneering animal geneticist who made important contributions to livestock breeding. He is sometimes known as the father of modern scientific animal breeding. Lush received National Medal of Science in 1968 and the Wolf Prize in 1979. Lush advocated breeding not based on subjective appearance of the animal, but on quantitative statistics and genetic information. Lush authored a classic book 'Animal Breeding Plans' in 1937 which greatly influenced animal breeding around the world. From 1930 to 1966, Lush was the Charles F. Curtiss Distinguished Professor in Agriculture at Iowa State University. He was elected to the United States National Academy of Sciences in 1967.

TRACY MORTON SONNEBORN (1905 – 1981) was an American biologist. His life's study was of the Paramecium. In the late 1950s he conducted an elegant series of experiments in his endeavors to discover what it is that mediates the synchronized movement of the paramecium's cilia. Sonneborn surgically removed a small section of cell wall and replaced it rotated by 180 degrees. The cilia in the replaced section continued to 'wave' in the same direction as they had before surgery, i.e. now in antiphase to the others. What was remarkable is that both daughters of paramecia on which this operation had been performed also showed the same trait of a reverse phase wave in a similar area of their cell wall, as did, to a lesser extent, the granddaughter cells. This clear evidence for non-Mendelian inheritance was largely overlooked by the scientific community.

ERNST WOLFGANG CASPARI (1909 - 1988) was a German-American zoologist and geneticist. Caspari was the first researcher to use methods of developmental biology to analyze the action of a gene. By transplanting larval tissue between the wild type and a red-eyed mutant of the moth, Ephestia, he demonstrated that wild-type larvae produce a diffusible "substance" that is lacking in the mutant and is necessary for the development of eye pigmentation. Further characterization of the substance and an approach to isolate it were interrupted by the Nazi government: he escaped to Turkey and later to the United States but did not get a chance to further contribute to the rapid development in the field, which led to the "one-gene-one-enzyme" hypothesis. Caspari's results, published in 1933, represent the first step toward this hypothesis of gene action.

ERNST WALTER MAYR (1904 – 2005) was one of the 20th century's leading evolutionary biologists. He was also a renowned taxonomist, tropical explorer, ornithologist, philosopher of biology, and historian of science. His work contributed to the conceptual revolution that led to the modern evolutionary synthesis of Mendelian genetics, systematics, and Darwinian evolution, and to the development of the biological species concept.

ERNEST R. SEARS (1910-1991) was a geneticist with the United States Department of Agriculture at the University of Missouri in Columbia, working on the origin, evolution, and cytogenetics of wheat for 55 years. Over the years Sears became one of the most respected names in wheat cytogenetics in the world. Probably his most important early achievement was to develop, over a 15-year period, a complete series of aneuploids--nullisomics, monosomics, trisomics and tetrasomics--for all 21 chromosomes of wheat.

DAVID GUTHRIE CATCHESIDE (1907-1994) was one of the seminal figures in the post-war development of genetics, both in the United Kingdom and Australia. As a teacher and postgraduate supervisor he played a large part in launching the next generation of geneticists in both hemispheres. The implications of this integrationist view for university teaching were set out in a letter that he had published in Nature in 1963.

NORMAN HAROLD HOROWITZ (1915 – 2005) was a geneticist at Caltech who achieved national fame as the scientist who devised experiments to determine whether life might exist on Mars. His experiments were carried out by the Viking Lander of 1976, the first U.S. mission to successfully land an unmanned probe on the surface of Mars. As a scientist, Horowitz is best known for his discovery and demonstration in 1944 that a metabolic pathway is a series of steps, each catalyzed by a single enzyme. His discovery helped to clinch the case for George Beadle and Edward Tatum's "one gene-one enzyme hypothesis" (a term Horowitz coined for their concept). Another important contribution of Horowitz was his 1945 proposal on the "backward evolution" of biosynthetic pathways. This proposal provided a framework for understanding the evolution of biosynthetic pathways and presaged the study of molecular evolution.

EDWARD BUTTS LEWIS (1918 – 2004) was an American geneticist, a corecipient of the 1995 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine. His Nobel Prize–winning studies with Drosophila, (including the discovery of the Drosophila Bithorax complex of homeotic genes, and elucidation of its function), founded the field of evolutionary developmental biology and laid the groundwork for our current understanding of the universal, evolutionarily conserved strategies controlling animal development. He is credited with development of the complementation test. His key publications in the fields of genetics, developmental biology, radiation and cancer are presented in the book Genes, Development and Cancer, which was released in 2004.

ALAN ROBERT GEORGE OWEN (1919–2003) was a university lecturer in genetics (Cambridge, 1950-70) and mathematics (Fellow, Trinity College, 1962-70), but resigned those positions to emigrate to Canada in 1970. He wrote about 40 scientific papers in the fields of mathematics, statistics, genetics, and population theory, that were published in the Proceedings of the Royal Society, Heredity, Biometrics, Biometrika, Sanhkya, and Nature. In 1969 the Owens were invited to immigrate to Canada where Dr. Owen was to direct the parapsychology research of the Toronto-based New Horizons Research Foundation, a non-profit organization incorporated "to promote research on the frontiers of science and disseminate information."

SALOME GLUECKSOHN-WAELSCH (1907 – 2007) was a German-born U.S. geneticist and co-founder of the field of developmental genetics studied chemistry and zoology in Königsberg and Berlin before she joined Spemann's laboratory at the University of Freiburg in 1928. In 1932 she received her doctorate for her work on the embryological limb development of aquatic salamanders. She went on to become a lecturer at Columbia University in 1936, bringing embryological acumen to Leslie C. Dunn's genetics laboratory, where she remained for 17 years. She left Columbia University in 1953 to commence a professorship in anatomy at the newly founded Albert Einstein College of Medicine where she held the chair of molecular genetics from 1963 to 1976. As Gluecksohn-Waelsch combined the embryological expertise she had acquired at Spemann´s lab with methods of classical mouse genetics, she is considered the founder of mammalian developmental genetics.

ERNST HADORN (1902-1976) was a Swiss geneticist. In 1937, Hadorn applied for a Rockefeller fellowship and spent a year at Rochester University where he met Curt Stern and Drosophila Two years later, he accepted a position as Professor of Zoology at the University of Zurich, where he remained until he retired in 1972. He was a pioneer of developmental genetics who recognized the analytical power of genetic mosaics. In 1972, Hadorn organized an international conference at Boldern, a rural site just South of Zurich. Hadorn had a dream: he wanted to build a bridge and bring together developmental genetics and molecular biology. To this end, he selected and invited an illustrious group of some 15 molecular biologists plus an equal number of "Drosophilists" from all over the world, truly "the best and the brightest". And the names read like a list from the Hall of Fame: François Jacob, Gerald Edelman, Manfred Eigen, Francis Crick, Charles Weissmann, Max Birnstiel, Sol Spiegelman, Sydney Brenner, Boris Ephrussi, Peter Lawrence, Antonio Garcia-Bellido, Klaus Sander, John Gurdon, Conrad Waddington, Jean Brachet, Tuneo Yamada, and many others.

MICHAEL JAMES DENHAM WHITE (1910 –1983) was a zoologist and cytologist. He was elected a Fellow of the Royal Society in 1961, and won the Linnaean Medal of the Linnaean Society of London in 1983. White made important contributions to the development of cytology and cytogenetics. His work was influential in the study of speciation in biology.

WILLIAM FRANKLIN BLAIR (1912–1985) developed an international reputation in the fields of ecology and evolutionary biology and conducted major research projects on subjects such as the genus Bufo and its parallels in the faunas of desert regions in North and South America.

EDMUND BRISCO FORD (1901 – 1988) was a British ecological geneticist. He was a leader among those British biologists who investigated the role of natural selection in nature. He went on to study the genetics of natural populations, and invented the field of ecological genetics. Ford was awarded the Royal Society's Darwin Medal in 1954.

ALFRED DAY HEERSHEY (1908 – 1997) was an American Nobel Prize–winning bacteriologist and geneticist. He began performing experiments with bacteriophages with Italian-American Salvador Luria and German Max Delbrück in 1940, and observed that when two different strains of bacteriophage have infected the same bacteria, the two viruses may exchange genetic information. He moved with his assistant Martha to Cold Spring Harbor, New York, in 1950 to join the Carnegie Institution of Washington's Department of Genetics, where he performed the famous Hershey-Chase experiment with Martha Chase in 1952. This experiment provided additional evidence that DNA, not protein, was the genetic material of life. He became director of the Carnegie Institution in 1962 and was awarded the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine in 1969, shared with Salvador Luria and Max Delbrück for their discovery on the replication of viruses and their genetic structure.

HIRAM BENTLEY GLASS (1906 – 2005) was an American geneticist and noted columnist. His first major academic appointment was at Johns Hopkins University, at which time he was also a regular columnist for the Baltimore Evening Sun newspaper. Like his doctoral mentor H. J. Muller, Bentley Glass was deeply concerned about eugenics. In response to the destructive racist views of Charles Davenport and others, Glass wrote "Geneticists Embattled: Their Stand Against Rampant Eugenics and Racism in America During the 1920s and 1930s".

PHILIP LEVINE (1900 – 1987) was an imuno-hematologist whose clinical research advanced knowledge on the Rhesus factor, Hemolytic disease of the newborn and blood transfusion. About 1925 Levine became assistant to Karl Landsteiner at the Rockefeller Institute, New York. In 1935, he worked as a bacteriologist and serologist at Newark Beth Israel Hospital, New Jersey where, in 1939, Levine and Rufus E. Stetson published their findings about a family who had a stillborn baby in 1937 who had died of hemolytic disease of the newborn. This publication included the first suggestion that a mother could make blood group antibodies owing to immune sensitization to her fetus's red blood cells.

ALAN ROBERTSON (1920 – 1989) was an English population geneticist. Originally a chemist, he was recruited after the Second World War to work on animal genetics on behalf of the British government, and continued in this sphere until his retirement in 1985. He was a major influence in the widespread adoption of artificial insemination of cattle. In addition to his work on agricultural genetics, Robertson undertook extensive studies of other branches of genetics, developing an influential secondary theorem of natural selection. Robertson also worked on evolutionary biology, studying how variation is maintained in populations, and particularly the roles of mutation and of stabilising selection. He worked for many years on estimating genetic effects that influence quantitative traits, and he developed what became known as the "secondary theorem of natural selection."

HAROLD HENRY FLOR (1900–1991) was a plant pathologist famous for proposing the gene for gene hypothesis of plant-pathogen genetic interaction whilst working on rust (Melampsora lini) of flax (Linum usitatissimum). Flor showed that the inheritance of both resistance in the host and parasite ability to cause disease is controlled by pairs of matching genes. One is a plant gene called the resistance (R) gene. The other is a parasite gene called the avirulence (Avr) gene. Plants producing a specific R gene product are resistant towards a pathogen that produces the corresponding Avr gene product.

CHARLES M. RICK (1915-2002 )was a plant geneticist and botanist who pioneered research on the origins of the tomato. He was widely regarded as the world's leading authority on tomato biology. For his research, Professor Rick made expeditions to locations in the Andes and the Galapagos Islands, collecting a diversity of cultivated tomatoes and hundreds of wild tomato species. His research contributed to the areas of plant genetics, evolution, genome mapping and archiving the seeds of tomatoes and related plant species. Rick was elected to the US National Academy of Sciences in 1987. The C.M. Rick Tomato Genetics Resource Center at UC Davis, a living genebank of wild relatives, monogenic mutants and miscellaneous genetic stocks of tomato is named for Professor Rick.

HAMPTON LAWRENCE CARSON (1914 – 2004) was an eminent American biologist best known for his work on the chromosomes of new species of the fruit fly Drosophila and his contributions to our understanding of their evolution. Carson studied the population genetics and polytene chromosome polymorphisms of the highly diverse Drosophila species in the Hawaiian islands and proposed that speciation of these flies in the island chain was tied to isolation caused by formation of new islands. New species were slightly different from those in the nearest island, and progressively more different from those in more distant islands. Within islands, he argued that isolation between some species was caused by lava flows creating different forest patches or kipukas, and that reproductive isolation was accelerated due to within deme sexual selection.

GEORGE LEDYARD STEBBINS, JR. (1906 – 2000) was an American botanist and geneticist who is widely regarded as one of the leading evolutionary biologists of the 20th century. He went on to the University of California, Berkeley, where his work with E. B. Babcock on the genetic evolution of plant species, and his association with a group of evolutionary biologists known as the Bay Area Biosystematists, led him to develop a comprehensive synthesis of plant evolution incorporating genetics. His most important publication was Variation and Evolution in Plants, which combined genetics and Darwin's theory of natural selection to describe plant speciation. It is regarded as one of the main publications which formed the core of the modern synthesis and still provides the conceptual framework for research in plant evolutionary biology.

MANKOMBU SAMBASIVAN SWAMINATHAN (born 1925) is an Indian geneticist and international administrator, renowned for his leading role in India's Green Revolution a program under which high-yield varieties of wheat and rice seedlings were planted in the fields of poor farmers. Swaminathan is known as "Indian Father of Green Revolution" for his leadership and success in introducing and further developing high-yielding varieties of wheat in India. He is the founder and chairman of the MS Swaminathan Research Foundation. His stated vision is to rid the world of hunger and poverty. Swaminathan is an advocate of moving India to sustainable development, especially using environmentally sustainable agriculture, sustainable food security and the preservation of biodiversity, which he calls an "evergreen revolution.

CONRAD HAL WADDINGTON (1905 – 1975) was a British developmental biologist, paleontologist, geneticist, embryologist and philosopher who laid the foundations for systems biology, epigenetics, and evolutionary developmental biology. Although his theory of genetic assimilation had a Darwinian explanation, leading evolutionary biologists including Theodosius Dobzhansky and Ernst Mayr considered that Waddington was using genetic assimilation to support so-called Lamarckian inheritance. Waddington's epigenetic landscape is a metaphor for how gene regulation modulates development. Among other metaphors, Waddington asks us to imagine a number of marbles rolling down a hill. The marbles will sample the grooves on the slope, and come to rest at the lowest points. These points represent the eventual cell fates, that is, tissue types. Waddington coined the term chreode to represent this cellular developmental process. The idea was based on experiment: Waddington found that one effect of mutation (which could modulate the epigenetic landscape) was to affect how cells differentiated. He also showed how mutation could affect the landscape, and used this metaphor in his discussions on evolution—he emphasized (like Ernst Haeckel before him) that evolution mainly occurred through mutations that affected developmental anatomy. Waddington proposed an evolutionary process, "genetic assimilation", as a Darwinian mechanism that allows certain acquired characteristic to become heritable. Waddington was, without doubt, the most original and important thinker about developmental biology of the pre-molecular age and the medal of the British Society for Developmental Biology is named after him.

SIR WALTER BODMER (born in 1936) is a German-born British human geneticist. Reading Mathematics at Cambridge University, Walter Bodmer worked with Sir Ronald Fisher, moving into statistics. After receiving his PhD at Cambridge University he continued as a Fellow. In 1961 Bodmer joined Prof. Joshua Lederberg's laboratory in the Genetics Department of Stanford University, continuing his research on population genetics, using the computing facilities that Stanford could offer.[3] In 1962 Walter Bodmer was appointed to the faculty at Stanford. He left Stanford University in 1970 to become the first Professor of Genetics at Oxford University. Bodmer developed models for population genetics and worked on the human leukocyte antigen system and the use of somatic cell hybrids for human linkage studies. In 1985 he chaired a Royal Society committee which wrote The Bodmer Report; this has been credited with starting the movement for the public understanding of science. Walter Bodmer was one of the first to suggest the idea of the Human Genome Project. In 2005, Sir Walter Bodmer was appointed to lead a £2.3 million project by the Wellcome Trust at Oxford University to examine the genetic makeup of the United Kingdom - the People of the British Isles project.

ERIC H. DAVIDSON (1937 - 2015) was a developmental biologist at the California Institute of Technology. Davidson is best known for his pioneering work on the role of gene regulation in evolution, on embryonic specification and for spearheading the effort to sequence the genome of the purple sea urchin. He has devoted a large part of his professional career to developing an understanding of embryogenesis at the genetic level. He has written many academic works describing his work, including a textbook on early animal development. Davidson has spent the majority of his scientific career investigating the molecular and mechanistic basis of animal development, i.e. how animals are built by reading the instructions encoded in the egg and, ultimately, in the genome. While at Rockefeller and very early in his career, he and Roy Britten, then at the Carnegie Institution of Washington, speculated on how the products of transcription, e.g. various RNAs or other downstream products, would need to in principle interact in order for cellular differentiation and gene regulation to occur in multicellular organisms.[9] This research program eventually led him to investigations regarding the role of gene regulation in cell lineage and embryonic territory specification, both endeavors of which contributed substantially to many biological disciplines, including developmental biology, systems biology and evolutionary developmental biology. In 2011, he was awarded the International Prize for Biology in recognition for his pioneering work on developmental gene regulatory networks.

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